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Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s,〔Farley, Christopher John, (1946 is similar in style to Elvis Rocks But He's Not the First ), July 6, 2004.〕〔Jim Dawson and Steve Propes, ''What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record'' (1992), ISBN 0-571-12939-0.〕 primarily from a combination of predominantly African-American genres such as blues, boogie woogie, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music,〔Christ-Janer, Albert, Charles W. Hughes, and Carleton Sprague Smith, ''American Hymns Old and New'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 364, ISBN 0-231-03458-X.〕 together with Western swing and country music.〔Peterson, Richard A. ''Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity'' (1999), p. 9, ISBN 0-226-66285-3.〕 Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s〔Davis, Francis. ''The History of the Blues'' (New York: Hyperion, 1995), ISBN 0-7868-8124-0.〕 and in country records of the 1930s,〔 the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s.〔"The Roots of Rock 'n' Roll 1946–1954". 2004. Universal Music Enterprises.〕〔Dawson, Jim & Propes, Steve, ''What was the first rock 'n' roll record?'', Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-12939-0, 1992.〕 The term "rock and roll" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage: referring to the first wave of music that originated in the US in the 1950s and would later develop into the more encompassing international style known as "rock music", and as a term simply synonymous with the rock music and culture in the broad sense.〔"Rock and roll" (2010). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition. In the earliest rock and roll styles of the late 1940s and early 1950s, either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument, but these were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s.〔 The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, the latter almost always provided by a snare drum.〔P. Hurry, M. Phillips, and M. Richards, ''Heinemann advanced music'' (Heinemann, 2001), pp. 153–4.〕 Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm), a string bass or (after the mid-1950s) an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit.〔S. Evans, "The development of the Blues" in A. F. Moore, ed., ''The Cambridge companion to blues and gospel music'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 40–2.〕 Beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music.〔G. C. Altschuler, ''All shook up: how rock 'n' roll changed America'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 2003), p. 35.〕 It went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply "rock music" or "rock". == Terminology == The term "rock and roll" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The ''American Heritage Dictionary'' and the ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', on the other hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock music".〔"Rock and roll". (2010). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean,〔(The United Service Journal, 1835, p.406 )〕 but was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the 1940s, on recordings and in reviews of what became known as "rhythm and blues" music aimed at a black audience.〔 In 1934, the song "Rock and Roll" by Boswell Sisters appeared in the film ''Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round''. In 1942, ''Billboard'' magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term "rock-and-roll" to describe upbeat recordings such as "Rock Me" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe.〔( ''Billboard'', May 30, 1942 ), page 25. Other examples are in describing Vaughn Monroe's "Coming Out Party" in (the issue of June 27, 1942, page 76 ); Count Basie's "It's Sand, Man", in (the issue of October 3, 1942, page 63 ); and Deryck Sampson's "Kansas City Boogie-Woogie" in (the issue of October 9, 1943, page 67 ).〕 By 1943, the "Rock and Roll Inn" in South Merchantville, New Jersey, was established as a music venue.〔(''Billboard'', June 12, 1943 ), page 19〕 In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rock and roll」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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